Defective ocular movements and their diagnosis

Historical Significance: Edmond(e) Landolt (1846-1926) was the Swiss ophthalmologist who devised the Landolt ring and published a multi-volume treatise on ophthalmology. He worked with Helmholtz, von Graefe, Snellen and Donders. His obituary in Brit J Ophthal1926; 10: 463 says he will go down in history as the pioneer of the study of the action of eye muscles and their disorders and treatment. He delivered the Bowman lecture in 1911 and re-founded Arch d'Ophtalmol but the obit makes no mention of famous Landolt ring.Marc Landolt (1879-1928) was his elder son and also a distinguished ophthalmic surgeon in Paris. The Brit J Ophthal report (1928; 12: 444) that he died by drowning while boating on the Seine.